Posts Tagged: thousand cankers disease

Killer in Our Midst

There's a killer in our midst, and a chemical ecologist will tell us all about it.

The killer: thousand cankers disease. The victim: native black walnuts. The speaker: Steve Seybold.

Seybold (right), a research entomologist with the Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, will speak on “Walnut Twig Beetle and Thousand Cankers Disease:  Characterizing an Emergent Threat to Forest and Agroecosystems in North America” at a noonhour seminar sponsored by the UC Davis Department of Entomology. It will take place from 12:10 to 1 p.m., Wednesday, May 19 in 122 Briggs Hall on Kleiber Drive.

You can listen live to the webcast. The lecture later will be archived on the department's website.

Thousand cankers disease is a newly discovered disease that is becoming a “significant problem” in California and seven other western states and could very well spread throughout the United States, researchers say.

“Thousand cankers disease, caused by a newly described fungus spread by the tiny walnut beetle, has been detected in 15 California counties from Sutter County to Los Angeles,” said Seybold, a chemical ecologist and affiliate of the UC Davis Department of Entomology.

How can a tiny little beetle fell a mighty tree? When it's associated with a specific fungus, a newly described fungus that's so new it has no name.

When it tunnels into the wood, the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) carries the fungus (proposed name of Geosmithia morbida) with it.  Often the first symptoms of the disease are flagging and yellowing leaves and branch dieback. Affected branches show sap staining and pinhole-sized beetle holes. Peel back the bark and you'll see dark stains caused by the fungus.

To date, the disease has been found in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Idaho, Washington as well as California.

“The potential spread of the disease to the eastern United States is now of great concern, especially through movement of infested/infected raw wood and firewood,” Seybold said.

The walnut twig beetle, believed to be native to Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Mexico, was first collected in Los Angeles County more than 50 years ago.

The disease was first noticed in canker-riddled black walnuts in Utah and Oregon in the early 1990s, but scientists attributed that to environmental stress. In 2006, plant pathologist Ned Tisserat and entomologist Whitney Cranshaw of Colorado State University identified the pathogen and characterized its association with the beetle in declining black walnut trees in central Colorado.

This is a very serious disease of black walnuts. Let's hope they don't go the way of the American chestnut or the American elm.

Walnut Twig Beetle

WALNUT TWIG BEETLE, in association with a newly described fungus, can fell a mighty black walnut tree. This photo shows how tiny it is--it's smaller than a grain of rice. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)

A One-Two Punch

When you look at the tiny unassuming walnut twig beetle--it's smaller than a grain of rice--you wonder how it could possibily kill a majestic black walnut tree.

By itself, it can't.  But when it's associated with a specific fungus that hitchhikes on the beetle, we’re talking serious problems.

 A fungus from the genus Geosmithia  is hitchhiking on the walnut twig beetle and together they are killing black walnut trees in California and seven other Western states. The disease has been tabbed “Thousand Cankers Disease” because of the cankers left behind.

Entomologist Lynn Kimsey, director of the Bohart Museum of Entomology, which houses one of the largest insect collections in North America, worries that the black walnut tree could go the way of the American chestnut or the American elm.

It’s that serious.

The beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, native to Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Mexico is widely distributed in California, from San Diego to Shasta counties. Known since 1959 as just another specimen in the drawers of California insect museums, it has emerged on the radar screens of entomologists and plant scientists because it has been found in abundance on dying walnut trees statewide.  The disease has also been found in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Washington, and Oregon.  

When I attended the Entomological Society of America’s annual meeting last fall in Reno, seminar speakers referred to the disease as a terrorist. 

It definitely is.

Entomologist Steve Seybold of the Davis-based Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, and an affiliate of the UC Davis Department of Entomology, said it's a hard time for hardwoods.  Another speaker, entomologist Andrew Graves of the UC Davis Department of Plant Pathology, described some of the cankers as "enormous." 

"If you peel back the bark, you’ll see the well-developed beetle galleries and blotches of fungal-stained wood and bark that look like a thousand cankers,” Graves said. ”The cankers widen and girdle twigs and branches, resulting in die back of the tree crown."

Seybold and Graves are among the researchers studying the disease and the one-two punch packed by the tiny walnut twig beetle and the yet undescribed fungus from the genus Geosmithia.

So tiny, so deadly, so disconcerting.

Tiny walnut twig beetle

WALNUT TWIG BEETLE is smaller than a grain of rice. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)

Death and destruction

DYING walnut trees in Davis, Calif., the result of "The Thousand Cankers Disease," caused by a tiny walnut twig beetle in association with an unknown fungus in the genus Geosmithia. (Photo by Steve Seybold)